Who controls the past, controls the future...

It’s astonishing to look at the reaction of so many people in Ireland to the recent inquest into the death last October of Savita Halappanavar in Galway, and in particular at how so much attention is being paid to Dr Peter Boylan, erstwhile master of the National Maternity Hospital, that the inquest seems to be being rewritten in the popular mind.

Everyone seems aware of what Dr Boylan said at the inquest, but in directing the jury towards its verdict, the coroner didn’t so much as acknowledge Boylan’s claim that Savita would have survived if the law permitted doctors to terminate pregnancy in order to pre-empt hypothetical risks rather than real ones.

The jury could, of course, have disregarded the coroner's advice and given a narrative verdict which would have given due weight to Dr Boylan's belief that the law was the problem. Instead it opted for a verdict of medical misadventure, accepting the coroner's recommendations, the emphasis of which was almost wholly on procedures and systems failures, with the sole reference to terminations being a recommendation that the Medical Board and An Bord Altranais should have a common, clear, and explicit set of guidelines for how situations such as Savita’s should be handled. It looks, in truth, as though the inquest implicitly rejected Boylan’s analysis.

The official response from Galway University Hospital seems to recognise this, with lots of browbeating about systems failures and not a word said about the law putting Galway's staff in an impossible position.

If the inquest implicitly rejected Boylan’s analysis, Savita’s widower Praveen seems to have gone rather further, going so far as to cast aspersions on Boylan’s integrity.

Praveen's View

Interviewed by the Irish Times, Praveen stated that he believes Dr Katherine Astbury, the obstetrician who was in charge of Savita’s case, used the law as an excuse, a scapegoat for Galway’s poor handling of the case, and suggested that Boylan, by determinedly attributing Savita’s death to a failure of law, was effectively covering for her.

"Well everyone has their opinion. He's a doctor. I think he was soft on Astbury. I was told the obstetricians' is a small world and they all know each very well. I don’t know. It looked like he came across very soft on her."

Although Katherine Astbury trained at the National Maternity Hospital, among other hospitals, it should be pointed out that Peter Boylan says he does not know her. It’s intriguing that those who were so keen to make Savita a martyr for the pro-choice cause have been rather quiet about her husband questioning the integrity of the one obstetrician who keeps pushing the idea that Savita's case shows a need for a profound change in the Irish law, far beyond legislating for the X judgment.

I watched Boylan reel off his spiel on Prime Time on Friday night, and listened to him on Marian Finucane yesterday; I was too busy to experience him a third time this evening on Vincent Browne, but irked by his contemptuous conduct yesterday, and with my work done for the night, I think it’s worth highlighting a few issues with things he’s said over the last couple of days.

British Abortion Law: A Basic Primer
Boylan burbled away yesterday about terminating a pregnancy on hypothetical grounds being illegal in Ireland but legal anywhere other than theocracies. This simply isn’t true. Let’s take Britain for example, as that’s the nearest jurisdiction where abortion is routinely available, and the one in which more than 4,000 Irish women have abortions in any given year – a horrendous figure, but one that's been in steady decline for years, probably reflecting the long overdue demise of the cruel and unjust stigma against single mothers that used to mark the popular mind at home.

Now, I'm not saying a British doctor wouldn't terminate on the grounds of hypothetical harm, but I am saying they'd probably be breaking the law if they did so and would only get away with it because the British system is poorly audited and basically assumes doctors act in good faith.

If Peter Boylan had been in Britain and terminated the pregnancy of a woman he believed to be physically and mentally well, there's a good chance he'd have been in breach of the 1861 Offences Against the Person Act.

Here’s the thing most Irish people don’t get, which enables all manner of people to muddy the waters: abortion is not legal in Britain.

I know, roughly 200,000 human beings are killed in Britain every year whilst still in their mothers’ wombs, but the fact is that the 1861 Act forbids abortion. The 1967 Abortion Act did not legalise abortion; rather, it provided doctors with a series of defences that could be used to justify the performance of abortions on medical grounds.

There are seven such defences, and it’s worth looking at them with a view to seeing how Savita’s request for a termination as she wanted the ordeal over with might have been understood.

Grounds F and G relate to clinical emergencies, where a pregnant woman’s life is in danger or there is a grave threat of permanent injury to her physical or mental health; as Boylan makes clear, there was no emergency until Wednesday, so these grounds wouldn’t apply.

Grounds A and B relate to situations which are not clinical emergencies but where termination is deemed necessary to prevent loss of life or grave permanent injury; again, these was no evidence of any such threat before Wednesday, so these grounds wouldn’t apply.

Ground E permits terminations where the child is expected to be born with a severe handicap, but the histopathologist Dr Michael Tan Chien Shang reported that the child had been perfectly healthy and normal; there was even, as Boylan has admitted, a chance she might survive and come to term.

Ground D concerns risk to any existing children of the pregnant mother; as Savita had no children, this ground clearly wouldn’t have applied.

This leaves ground C, upon which the justifications for 98pc of British abortions rest. This allows terminations when the pregnancy has not exceeded its twenty-fourth week and where its continuance would be more dangerous for the pregnant woman than the termination of pregnancy.

Note that as far as Boylan was concerned, Savita was well until Wednesday*; assuming he believes this was the case, it is difficult to see on what basis he would argue that it would be have been better practice to expose her to risk through abortion than allowing her to give birth or miscarry naturally, given that the risks the latter option posed were purely hypothetical.

If a Ground C defence were to be legitimate it would almost certainly have to rest on the claim that terminating the child she wanted would have been less harmful to Savita’s mental health than seeing what would happen. Almost all Ground C terminations – 99.96pc of them – take place on mental health grounds, despite the RCOG pointing out that the evidence shows that abortion does not help people's mental health.

As Dr David Walsh explained on Vincent Browne last November, “the interventions carry risk as well as the non-interventions.”

What did Professor Bonnar say?
Interruptions were pretty much the hallmark of Dr Boylan’s Marian Finucane performance, and cutting in to ‘correct’ Breda O’Brien, he struck me as having rather egregiously misrepresented Professor John Bonnar, former chairman of the Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, with whom he’d discussed these matters on RTE’s Prime Time on Friday night.

“That’s incorrect,” butted in Boylan on Breda, explaining, “I was on Prime Time with him there last night I think it was…Friday night. And that’s not correct what he said. He said he would wait until she was ill and then he would have no hesitation in intervening… He was very clear about that because I picked him up on that.”

This simply isn’t true. John Bonnar did not say doctors should wait till a patient is ill before acting; he said they should find out if a patient is ill and then act.

Bonnar has said that had proper tests been carried out the hospital would have had evidence of substantive risk by Tuesday, and that this evidence would have justified termination. In other words, unlike Peter Boylan, and with microbiologist Dr Susan Knowles and apparently the Coroner, John Bonnar takes the view that the issue was systems failures and mismanagement, not law:

"My concern would be that the tests for infection were not heeded. There should have been swabs taken when she was admitted, we should have identified what the organisms were, we should have started the antibiotic treatment, and then terminated, and that could have been done by Tuesday."

Boylan’s response to this was simply to pull a sceptical face, while saying “John. Come on.” Like so.

Good eyebrow action. Always works well in the absence of an argument.

Note that Boylan hasn’t rebutted or refuted this argument; he’s merely looked condescendingly at another obstetrician, and then subsequently misrepresented what he said.



And remind me – what exactly did Dr Knowles say?

Earlier in the Prime Time discussion, Peter Boylan said something very odd.

“To me the deficiencies were mainly in appreciating that the ruptured membranes may well have been due to chorioamnionitis –" began Bonnar.
“There was no sign of that whatsoever,” butted in Boylan, “until the early hours…”

The thing is, that’s not quite true, and Peter Boylan should know this, given his supposedly forensic scrutiny of the case files and how he received transcripts of all testimonies at the inquest. He wasn't, after all, the only expert witness at the inquest.

Dr Susan Knowles was the consultant microbiologist who gave expert testimony to the inquest, and given that the whole Savita affair was basically a story of infection, I'd have thought her testimony should be given at least as much scrutiny as Peter Boylan's. She was, as Muiris Houston put it in The Irish Medical Times, a "beacon of light" at the inquest. She made several important points in this regard during her evidence.

• Firstly, she said that the Sunday blood test suggested that Savita’s body might have been fighting a subclinical infection even before her membranes ruptured, and that this test should have been followed up properly.
• Secondly, she pointed out there were “subtle indicators” of sepsis and chorioamnionitis on Tuesday.
• Thirdly, she made clear the antibiotic treatment Savita received prior to lunchtime on the day she lost her child was less comprehensive that what she would have received in any of the Dublin maternity hospitals and didn't meet Galway's own standards.

I realise that Dr Boylan has argued that the initial Sunday blood test probably didn’t mean anything, but I don’t think it makes sense simply to act as though the testimony of another expert witness – who happens to be a colleague of his at the National Maternity Hospital, as well as one of the country's leading experts on infection in pregnant women – simply didn’t happen.

Besides, even if Boylan were right to say that there was no evidence of chorioamnionitis before Tuesday, this would hardly negate Bonnar’s point that evidence of such things simply wasn’t looked for. As Dr Knowles pointed out, the Sunday blood test should have been followed up!

And, for those who are determined to support experts who say what we want to believe...

I’m loath to point to her, given her comments on the Savita affair have been sometimes prone to disregarding facts and to have shown a surprising misunderstanding of details that were in the public domain, but it might be worth looking at what the American pro-choice doctor Jen Gunter has said on this issue.

On 9 April she wrote that Savita’s combination of ruptured membranes, dilated cervix, and an elevated white blood cell count – all of which were in play by the early hours of Monday – all point towards a diagnosis of chorioamnionitis. On 13 April she added that the facts that Savita had an elevated heart rate –  on Tuesday evening –  and shaking chills –  by the early hours of Wednesday –  suggested that the infection had spread from her uterus into her blood stream as a result of chorioamnionitis being inadequately treated.

Now, I’ve been sceptical of Dr Gunter’s approach to this stuff, but I’ve seen pro-choicer after pro-choicer citing her with approval ever since the Savita story broke. If she’s even remotely credible, we have to at least recognise that her thesis poses a serious challenge to Dr Boylan’s claims.

To be honest, I think Dr Knowles’s testimony is challenge enough.

For the record, it's not Breda O'Brien who's been rewriting history...

Dr Boylan was very quick on yesterday's Marian Finucane to correct Breda O’Brien when she said that Savita had been admitted to hospital with her cervix fully dilated. He may well have been factually correct to point out that Breda was wrong, but it was both churlish and inaccurate of him to describe Breda’s point as “revisionism and the rewriting of the history of what actually happened”.

The problem is that even if Boylan is right to say that Savita’s cervix was not fully dilated when she was admitted – and he should know, as unlike most people, he’s had full access to Savita’s medical records – this isn’t what Praveen said back in November.

The Irish Times twice in November cited Praveen as saying that when Savita was admitted “The doctor told us the cervix was fully dilated, amniotic fluid was leaking and unfortunately the baby wouldn’t survive.”

Dr Olutoyele Olatunbosun, the gynaecology SHO who treated Savita on the Sunday told the inquest that she had found that Savita's cervix was dilated, and when addressing the inquest on 9 April, Praveen stated that when Savita was admitted she was told that there was “some cervical dilation”.

There may well be some revisionism – some rewriting of history – going on with this part of the story, but it’s not been Breda O’Brien who’s indulged in it. If Breda and her obstetrician friends can be faulted here, it’s for having trusted the original story as told by The Irish Times, and not having caught its most recent incarnation as told by Praveen.

Revisionism isn’t necessarily a bad thing, by the way. Sometimes we discover new facts or think of new questions, and these should force us to revise our old views and old narratives. That's just being honest and being thoughtful. Hanging onto "the crippling version of this story that was initially presented to the country by The Irish Times, which sought to shape this woman's tragic death into a rallying cry for a change to Ireland's abortion laws", would be neither honest nor thoughtful.

But that’s by the by.

Failings, failings everywhere...

Another oddity on Marian Finucane took place when Dr Boylan claimed that the only thing that the inquest identified as being deficient in the first two days was "the lack of a repeat of a white cell count".

That may have been the only thing he identified as deficient in the first two days, though even then he played down the significance of that, but it simply wasn’t the only thing the inquest identified as deficient in that period.

The coroner recommended – and the jury strongly endorsed this view – that blood tests should always be followed up properly, with procedures in place to make sure such errors as happened don't occur, and that there should be proper communications between hospital staff. Now...

• Susan Knowles noted that Savita was not given a vaginal examination or checked for leaking of amniotic fluid on the Sunday.
• The failure to follow up the blood test Dr Olatunbosun ordered on the Sunday meant the hospital's treatment of Savita was conducted in the assumption that Savita was not already fighting infection, whereas she may already have been afflicted with a subclinical infection.
• Dr Andrew Gaolebale said that he was not informed of the results of the Sunday blood test and he was not told that her membrane had ruptured after he saw her, even though he was still on duty for another 12 hours into the Monday.
• I don't know if Tuesday evening counts as being within the first two days, but just over 48 hours after Savita was admitted there seems to have been an issue with information about Savita's elevated pulse being brought to Dr Ikechukwu Uzockwu by the midwife manager Ann Maria Burke; we don't what happened, as their evidence is contradictory, but it seems that something went wrong with tachycardia, a classic sign of sepsis, not being taken properly into account.

To this I'd add that when Peter Boylan asked Breda, "Which is what? What have your colleagues – your obstetrician colleagues – identified as proper care?", I cannot help but recall how John Bonnar's answer, quoted above, sums up what he believed ought to have happened, had the white blood cell issue been spotted, perhaps in connection with Dr Gaolebale been told in a timely fashion of how Savita's membranes had ruptured since he'd inspected her, with her collapsing and vomiting.

It’s striking how Dr Boylan cuts Breda O’Brien short and misrepresents her as saying that an elevated white blood cell count would have justified a termination; she had never said any such thing.

What she was clearly trying to get at, though, was that if this had been spotted –  as Susan Knowles said it should have been, and indeed as was obviously the case from the HSE leaks some weeks ago –  it could have justified a whole series of other steps, as outlined by John Bonnar, which in turn might have justified a termination in accord with Irish law and normal Irish medical ethics.


I'd also point out that if the New York Times has reported things accurately, Dr Astbury herself, like Dr Knowles and evidently Dr Bonner, gave rather more weight to the failure to follow up the Sunday blood test than Dr Boylan did.

"The inquest has also heard testimony that several hospital protocols were not followed, amounting to system failures that contributed to Dr. Halappanavar’s death. Dr. Astbury said she might have intervened sooner had she been made aware of the results of earlier blood tests."

She presumably didn't mean she'd have leapt in to terminate or accelerate the miscarriage, but rather would have taken steps to find out what was going on  – steps that could have found out just how sick Savita was, regardless of how she appeared, and that would have necessitated decisive action. It's nonsense for  Peter Boylan to say there was no other evidence of problems; there was no evidence because the evidence wasn't sought.

As John Bonnar has said, there were ways of seeking that evidence.

___________________________________________________________________________

* No, really. That's the central plank of his argument. 44 minutes into Marian Finucane, for instance, he tried to explain away Galway’s failure to terminate Savita’s pregnancy before Wednesday morning by saying it’s an issue of law and clearly stating “She was well till then – that’s the issue, you see.”

This seems, at best, a presumption, as if she really had been well till Wednesday, then we must assume that she developed her infection on Wednesday. The reality, clearly, is that she merely appeared well, while harbouring a serious infection that had yet to kick in in a serious way.

That the white blood cell was high on Sunday may well have indicated that she had arrived in hospital fighting a subclinical infection, according to Susan Knowles, who is adamant that the test should have been followed up. Even without following up the test, and conducting further tests along the lines suggested by John Bonnar, who suspected that the rupturing of Savita’s membranes just after midnight on Monday may have been due to chorioamnionitis, it’s clear the hospital had recorded  'subtle indicators' of sepsis and chorioamnionitis before Wednesday, however, including a high pulse rate on Tuesday, according to Susan Knowles.

Falling at the First Hurdle

“The Catholic Church, aka the western church of the Latin rite,” Diarmaid MacCulloch begins an astonishingly dodgy piece in today’s Irish Times, “trades on tradition.”

It takes real effort for a respected historian to start an article with such an egregious factual error, but MacCulloch manages it, and then parades out a litany of dodgy statements that will no doubt be nodded along to by almost all the Irish Times’ declining readership, with hardly anyone bothering to check the claims of an esteemed Oxford academic, especially one they might have seen on the telly.

This isn’t the first time that MacCulloch’s described the Catholic Church in this clunky and inadequate way; in his 2009 book A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years he deployed this description as being, in his view, more neutral than descriptions which emphasise the papacy, as it acknowledges what MacCulloch deems “the equal historic status of the various Churches of Orthodoxy in eastern Europe and the Middle East [...] not to mention the various Churches of Asia and Africa which decided after the fifth century to ignore or repudiate the Chalcedonian Definition of the nature of Jesus Christ.”

Now.

Here’s the thing. Anybody who paid attention when John Paul died and Benedict became pope may have noticed a few lads knocking around at the funeral and investiture while wearing hats that, well, weren’t your typical common-or-garden bishops’ mitres. Like so:

These guys are the patriarchs and metropolitans of the Eastern Catholic Churches. The Catholic Church, contrary to Professor MacCulloch’s claims, is by no means simply “the western church of the Latin rite”; rather, it’s a network of dozens of churches, all unified by their association with the Pope, who acts as a physical and indeed personal point of unity for the Church. The simplest working definition of a Catholic is a Christian who is in communion with the bishop of Rome.

The biggest church by far within the Catholic Church is indeed the western church of the Latin rite – leaving aside the little matter of there being more than one Latin rite – but there are plenty of other smaller churches all in union with Rome, the most prominent of which being the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, the Maronite Catholic Church, and the Melkite Catholic Church.

These churches are among those being most heavily persecuted in the Middle East, and their members are just as much members of the Catholic Church as I am; indeed, friends of mine in America were received into the Melkite Church some years back, and I’ve been to a Melkite Mass in Aleppo. 

This is one of the reasons why it's inaccurate to refer to the Church as the Roman Catholic Church; it's not just a Roman or Latin Church. It's just what it's said on the tin since before Ignatius of Antioch used the word in 107 or thereabouts: Catholic. 

And no, it won't do to say that MacCulloch was right to equate the Catholic Church with the "western church of the Latin rite" because the other churches in the Church are so small as to hardly count. Or, at any rate, it won't do unless you don't think Benedict should have appointed two Eastern patriarchs as cardinals in his last consistory, making sure they'd have a say in the selection of his successor, and basically don't think they matter.

Mind, if that is a common view it could explain why we've done so little in recent years to help the beleaguered Christians of  Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and elsewhere.

MacCulloch’s article begins by misrepresenting the Catholic Church. It doesn’t get better.

Beware the Idiots’ Lantern or They hide that information in books, you know

I’ll come back to MacCulloch’s dreadful article in a bit, but at this point it mightn’t be a bad idea to drag up an email I wrote a couple of years back when a devout and intelligent Anglican friend – a scientist rather than a historian – asked me what I’d thought of MacCulloch’s BBC series on Christianity’s history. It'll give you a sense of what where I'm coming from on this. When you approach a historian, listen to the bees buzzing in his bonnet before you listen to what he says, as E.H. Carr advised. That goes for me as much as for Diarmaid, of course.

“So, I got to pondering your question about Diarmaid MacCulloch’s A History of Christianity, and wondered whether I was being unfair. You looked a mite troubled when I said how poor I’d found it, and given that MacCulloch is a very highly respected scholar of the Reformation, I wondered whether my gut reaction had been wrong. With that in mind, and believing that you deserved a far better answer than I’d given you, I decided to give it another shot, so put my work aside last night and watched the first couple of episodes. Unfortunately, and I scrabbled down some notes as I watched just to keep a shape on my thoughts, I found it even worse than I’d remembered.

Obviously I’m coming at this from a different perspective than MacCulloch; he’s recognised as a brilliant scholar of the Reformation, and is an Anglican who was ordained as a deacon but declined -- or was declined -- priestly orders because of the Church of England’s stance on non-celibate homosexual clergy, him being openly gay himself. All of this affects his take on things, as far as I can see, giving his argument a serious bias. 

It could equally be argued that as a straight Catholic ancient historian, with some background in medieval studies, I have biases of my own, and this is true, but all I can really say on this is that it’s largely for historical reasons that I’m a Christian – and in particular a Catholic one – now, and I’d have been unlikely to have distorted and misinterpreted my evidence to give me the answer I wanted. I didn’t set out wanting to return to Catholicism, after all, and was an extremely reluctant revert!

There are things MacCulloch does very well. It’s admirable and important that he draws attention to highly ritualistic churches of the East, with their ancient roots, as we often forget them, though he glosses over how there are hardly any of them and how a large proportion of them have reunited with the Catholic Church over the past few hundred years. He’s elegantly concise in explaining the Arian and Nestorian controversies that the councils of Nicea and Chalcedon attempted to resolve, and I think is depressing on the ball in showing how the Church’s teaching on purgatory and indulgences became corrupted and turned into a scandalous industry in the late medieval period.

Other than that, though, I thought both programmes were very poor. I know from personal experience how television requires simplification, but there’s a point at which simplification – if carried out selectively enough – becomes falsification. And the programmes were blighted by such selectivity, with inconvenient evidence being ignored and details being cherrypicked to support a highly questionable thesis. Questionable? Yes, I’d say so, because I don’t think it works to present Christianity as a mere accident of history, which could very easily have been very different and far more Eastern in its appearance. 

That works perfectly well as a thesis if you assume God doesn’t exist or takes no interest in us, but I don’t think it works at all if you believe, as we do, that He does exist and loves us too. There’s a passage in C.S. Lewis’s The Four Loves where he says that strictly speaking for a Christian there’s no such thing as chance. I wish I could find the quote, but having spent the past ten minutes flicking to no avail through my battered paperback edition, I’m coming up blank. Anyway, if Lewis is right, then it can’t be a mere fluke that the Church – in the broadest sense – takes the shape it has done through history.

One of the first things that bothered me about the programme was how little reference there was to the Bible in it, and how what references there were seemed skewed. This all struck me as seriously problematic, because I think it’s a very weird history of Christianity that doesn’t have the Bible in a fairly central place, not least because the Bible tells us how the Church began. I’d also argue that the story of how the Bible was written and slowly pulled together over the first Christian centuries is itself one of the most interesting and important parts of the Christian tale. 

That aside, though, it was only by leaving out a serious treatment of what the Bible is and says that he was able to launch into his main claim that Jerusalem was the natural centre of the Church and that it was only after the destruction of the Temple that the Church looked elsewhere for leadership, looking as much to east as to west until Constantine came along. As he sees it, nobody before the fourth century would have ever imagined that Rome could have become the headquarters of the Church.

This is poppycock by any definition. Well before the fall of the Temple the Church had looked west; look at Paul’s letters, and Peter’s presence in Rome, and at how Revelation features the Greek churches of Asia Minor. Were it not for the crowds at Pentecost, we’d have no Scriptural reason to ever believe there were any Christians in the east at all! Indeed, the fact that all the New Testament documents were written in Greek should be a clue as to which direction the Church was inclined to look! 

As for Rome itself, before 100AD a bishop of Rome wrote to the Corinthians to settle rows there, and just a few years later a bishop of Antioch who had been a disciple of John would write commandingly to numerous other eminent churches but say that he wouldn’t dare tell the church at Rome what to do. 

By the late second century the bishop of Lyons, formerly of Asia Minor, would write of how the Roman bishop stood in a direct line from Peter and Paul and should be regarded as a point of doctrinal unity for all Christians, and within twenty years of that the African Tertullian, having turned from the Church, sneered at the bishop of Rome as ‘the bishop of bishops’.  No, Rome’s position may have been copperfastened by Constantine in the early fourth century, but there’s no honest way of claiming that it wasn’t preeminent long before that. 

Against this he builds up a fantasy of what the Church might have been, inspired by the tiny relics that are the churches of the east. Glossing over what their ritualism might imply, and over their Eucharistic beliefs, he goes straight to what he sees as their core. These, he believes, are churches that have always listened, churches that have compromised with the societies in which they lived. Given his own personal history, I can see why he’d approve of churches that accommodate themselves to the values of the lands where they might be, but is this really what Christianity is about? 

I don’t believe Jesus ever presented his teaching to his disciples as a religion of compromise. He assured his disciples that they would be at odds with the world, and that the world would hate them as it had hated him. If the apostles had compromised, would they have been martyred? It would have been very easy for the Christians of the west to compromise with their Roman persecutors: all they had to do was to sacrifice to the emperor; they didn’t do it, and were persecuted accordingly. It was this, and really only this, that marked them out a distinct from all the other eastern cults that came to Rome and melted away in Rome’s religious hotpot. By refusing the compromise, they weathered the many storms of persecutions and eventually came out on top, unlike the eastern churches which compromised with their overlords and who now number just a few million souls.

It's painfully obvious that MacCulloch’s no more of a medieval historian than he is an ancient one, as glaring errors mark his comments on why Rome’s main church of St Paul is where it is, on when and how Britain was reevangelised, on Charlemagne, and on the Crusades. Most striking, though, was what he had to say about the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, where the Church clarified its language for describing what happens at the Eucharist. 

For him this whole idea of the bread and wine becoming the body and blood of Christ was a new invention, based on pagan philosophy, when it was nothing of the sort. The language was new, sure, but the language was an attempt to grapple with a long held belief, a belief we can see in John 6 and 1 Corinthians 11, a belief which is very clearly expressed by Christian writers from the generation taught by the apostles, and a belief which is shared by the Orthodox and the churches of the east, none of which would have been inclined to adopt a new Catholic doctrine in the thirteenth century.

I may give the later episodes a shot later, because surely he must be better when he moves into his own specialist field. And I am rather tempted to read his big book on Christianity, which being a massive tome must be less likely to leave out inconvenient truths. It’s had very high praise from people who know what they're talking about, so it probably is worth looking at. Not yet, though.”

On this email, yes, I know parts of it may cause eyebrows to raise, but it was addressed to someone who knows that when I spoke of a Biblical focus in early Christianity I was speaking purely in terms of it as a historical text rather than an inspired one, who realises that the persecutions the early Church faced tended to be sporadic, localised, and erratic in application, and who’s well aware of my view that historians of the early Church should start from an essentially agnostic position.

As ever, there's a basic rule of historical analysis which says that when considering what somebody says, you need to pay attention to their target audience. Mine was a dear friend who's smarter than most and who shares certain preconceptions with me so I didn't need to spell everything out; Diarmaid's were ordinary BBC viewers and now are Irish Times readers.

And yes, I’ve since read his book, and found it a mixed bag. I'd definitely recommend it as well worth a read, but it certainly shouldn’t be the only general survey of Christianity anyone tackles.

Anyway, what of today’s article? Well, some of the points in it are basically addressed in my email to my friend, but to take a few others:

Peter and Rome

Rome’s prestige, MacCulloch says, “derives from possessing the tomb of the Apostle Peter, who probably never visited the city. This Palestinian fisherman, who would have spoken a version of Aramaic, plus enough street-Greek to make himself understood in the forum, may have been illiterate in either language, but he is represented among the books of the Bible by two elegantly-penned Greek letters written by two different authors – he himself was neither of them.”

Now, I’m quite happy to buy that Peter authored neither letter traditionally attributed to him, that being a well-argued scholarly orthodoxy, but it’s worth noting a couple of points about 1 Peter in particular. 1 Peter was clearly known to several early second-century authors, such that it must have been written before the end of the first century, with scholars tending to date it around 80, and it ends with the farewell:

“She who is at Babylon, and is likewise chosen, sends you greetings; and so does my son Mark. Greet one another with the kiss of love. Peace to all of you that are in Christ.”

Nobody believes Peter actually wrote this from the distant backwater that was first-century Babylon; rather, modern scholars are almost unanimous in holding that, as in Revelation, ‘Babylon’ is here a codeword for Rome. The question then is why, within a generation of Peter’s death and the lifetimes of many people who knew him, anybody who would have written a letter associating Peter with Rome had he not even visited the city.

Indeed, why would Clement, a Roman bishop generally thought to have written around 97, have in his Letter to the Corinthians held up Peter and Paul as the martyrs to whom the Corinthian Christians should look for example, were they not especially cherished by the Roman Church? Why would they in particular have been so cherished? One might even wonder Rome’s last pagan emperor, Julian the Apostate, claimed in the mid-fourth century that Rome’s Christians used to gather to worship at the tombs of Peter and Paul even within the lifetime of the last apostle.

MacCulloch accepts even in the article that Rome holds the tomb of Peter, speculating in his book that Peter’s shrine was built in the 160s to mark the centenary of Peter’s death, but this avoids pointers that Peter was especially venerated in Rome rather earlier than that, and also how early second-century texts indicate that Rome had a pre-eminence of some sort within the lifetimes of some of those who’d been taught by the apostles. Clement, for instance, sees it as his Roman duty to direct the Church at Corinth in how it should conduct its affairs, and writing around 107, Ignatius of Antioch balks at exhorting Rome in the way he exhorted other early churches, saying “I do not, as Peter and Paul, issue commandments unto you.”

But MacCulloch knows all of this, which is why not once in his book does he go further than to say that it is unclear whether Peter ever played the role of bishop in Rome, even if he did die there, about which he comments: “the suspicion does linger that the story of Peter’s martyrdom there was a fiction based retrospectively on the undoubted death of Paul in the city.”

Which, I think we can all agree, is far cry from claiming that Peter probably never even visited Rome.

An Italian Prince?

Until the French Revolution, MacCulloch proclaims, the Pope was just one Italian prince among others.

Well, there’s some truth in that: certainly, I think we’d all agree that for much of papal history, the fourteenth century obviously aside, popes tended to be Italian princes; it is, however, ludicrous to say that they were just that, on a par with other Italian princes.

There were not many Italian princes whose definition of the dual nature of Christ would have been accepted by the gathered bishops of the Church at Chalcedon in 451, after all, but Leo I’s definition was supposedly greeted there with the great cry “Peter has spoken thus through Leo!” It's safe to say that few Italian princes in 595 would have commissioned Augustine of Canterbury to evangelise the English, as Gregory I did.

It would have meant nothing for an Italian prince to crown Charlemagne as Emperor, but it meant a lot for Leo III to do so on Christmas day in 800, and I think there’s no need to ask whether any other Italian prince could have stood at Clermont in 1095 and successfully called, as Urban II did, for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem to liberate the city and its pilgrim routes and to help the beleaguered Byzantines.

Which Italian princes would have been capable of transforming Christian Europe – and the wider world – through formally establishing such orders as the Dominicans and the Franciscans, as Honorius III was to do in 1216 and 1223, or the Jesuits, as Paul III would do in 1540? No other Italian prince had his realm become for centuries the great prize of European politics, with France so controlling the fourteenth-century papacy that the Templars were suppressed by Clement V in 1312 at the behest of a French king, with the papacy being based in Avignon for almost eighty years.

Yes, the Renaissance popes embroiled themselves as deeply as could be in the power politics of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe, but again we have to ask ourselves whether they were simply Italian princes or whether they were something more than that. Again, all we have to do is look to Paul III, who for all his personal failings nonetheless convened the Council of Trent in 1545, after nine years of trying; in organising Trent and supporting the Jesuits, Paul III launched the Catholic Reformation and shaped Catholicism for the next four hundred years. I cannot see how a capable or honest historian could ever dismiss him as a mere Italian prince.

Whatever one might think of the actions of the popes prior to the French Revolution, I cannot see how any historian could dismiss said popes as mere Italian princes. They may have been that, but they certainly weren't just that. They had a reach, for good or ill, that no other Italian prince could even have dreamed of.

As for the Revolution?

MacCulloch claims that the French Revolution transformed the papacy by sweeping aside innumerable Catholic monarchs, prince-bishops, and other fiercely independent local jurisdictions in cathedrals and the like, leaving the papacy as the last piece on the board, enabling it to remodel the Church across the world, to eliminate local independence in Church government, initiative, and scholarship.

Yet again, there’s some truth to this, but MacCulloch’s description of a monarchical papacy owes rather more to the deep-seated Protestant paranoia that even now is latent among so many English – and, sadly, an increasing number of ill-informed Irish – than it does basic reason or cold historical fact.

Regardless of the fantasies of the ultramontanists, the papacy has never been monarchical in the way MacCulloch imagines; indeed, it could not have been. How, in an age before telecommunications and flight, could the papacy really have controlled matters in the local churches of Ireland, Paraguay, California, and the Philippines? 

Even now Rome’s power is profoundly limited in this respect: scarcely more than 2,000 people are employed in the Vatican – of whom only about half work, quipped John XXIII – and the budget of the Holy See is roughly half that of UCD or a decent-sized English university. The Catholic Church is, and has always been, profoundly decentralised.

It could hardly have been otherwise.

Bits and Pieces

The tail end of MacCulloch’s article is no better than the body of it.

The variety of Catholicism that predominated in Ireland until recently he sees simply as the creation of the Vatican; not for him the possibility that it might have been tainted by French Jansenism during the penal years, let alone that it was shaped above all by the Victorian values that marked the era in which it rose to dominate Irish public life; there is something to be said, after all, for Vincent Twomey's contention, in The End of Irish Catholicism?, that Irish Catholicism was rather out of step with the varities of Catholicism found on mainland Europe.

Benedict he describes as an arch-traditionalist, which really only suggests that he’s neither encountered any traditional Catholics nor engaged with any of Benedict’s writings. Did Benedict really say this week that nothing much happened in the Second Vatican Council? No, Diarmaid, he didn’t. He said something rather different and a damn sight more profound than that. Even our earliest account of his talk with Rome’s clergy made that clear.

It looks to me as though MacCulloch’s strolled into the trap John Allen so prudently warned of in the one very good section in his otherwise rather ropey 2000 book Cardinal Ratzinger: The Vatican’s Enforcer of the Faith:

“Because Ratzinger is a polarising figure, reaction to him is often uncritical, driven more by emotion and instinct than sober reflection. Progressives do not read his books, they disregard his public statements, and they assume every position he takes is based on power politics; conservatives revere most of what he says as holy writ, often spouting it mindlessly without penetrating to the principle or value he sees at stake. Neither response takes Ratzinger seriously.”

MacCulloch talks of a need for a multi-polar Catholicism, unaware of how that is, in so many ways, a reality already. John Allen puts it well, pointing out that the Church may be “top down on doctrine”, but is “bottom up on everything else”. Administration, finances, personal, and management are all run locally, bishops are basically popes in their own dioceses for most purposes, and among the most dynamic aspects of modern Catholicism are such new lay movements as the Focolares, Communion and Liberation, the Neocatechumenate, and L’Arche, all of which are basically grassroots phenomena.

Having displayed a shocking incomprehension of historical and modern Catholicism and the person and outlook of the current pope, MacCulloch wraps up with an ode to historians.

“But history has rich resources to offer: showing how they did things in the past, so Catholics can find sensible solutions for what to do next. In the middle of what any fool can see is a deep crisis in Catholic Church authority, let historians ride to the rescue.”

There’ll not be much point in our riding to the rescue unless we’re on the right kind of horses, wielding the right kind of weapons, carrying the right kind of ammunition, and clued in on the nature of our allies and our opponents.

Know yourself and know your enemy, and all that.

Trains, and using your energy wisely...

We got a great game a gift from my eldest sister, the Christmas before last at home. Called Ticket to Ride: Europe, it was kind of a hybrid between Risk and card games like Poker. The basic idea is that you’ve a map of Europe with train routes marked on it, and that you’ve to build tracks along routes, connecting cities and facilitating journeys as you go.

You keep a running score through the game, based on the tracks you’ve built between individual cities, but your running score may not reflect your eventual score in any meaningful way, as you gain bonus points for journeys you’ve facilitated across the map, and nobody else knows what journeys you’ve been tasked with fulfilling.

It might not sound like fun, but it really is; I can’t think of a game we’ve played as a family that we’ve all enjoyed quite so much. It can be instructive too.

It’s a bit like the cheese, but that’s another story...

The last game we played over the Christmas just gone had a very different pattern to previous ones. Hitherto, along with building tracks and trying to develop our own secret journeys, we also tried to work out what our opponents’ objectives were, and sought to frustrate them, to some degree anyway. But in our final game, we all took a fresh approach, not worrying about what everyone was doing and just concentrating on what our own special jobs were.

My younger sister won by a huge amount, comfortably getting the highest score we’d ever managed. I came second, some way behind her but still, I think, with the second-highest score we’d seen in our games. Those behind me had achieved what would have been winning scores in plenty of other games.

And it left me thinking, reminding me of other things, and the more it’s sat with me, the less inclined I’ve been to get involved with spats online or elsewhere. Why bother arguing with people when they’re wrong? People so rarely change their minds, after all; time and again I’ve argued with people on issues of politics or religion or whatever and produced solid facts that refuted what they were saying only to see them days or weeks later spilling out the same old nonsense. And, to be fair, I probably do the same myself.

Better, surely, at least with people who don’t engage honestly, and who aren’t willing to listen, just to shake the dust off your feet and do something more productive. To build your own train tracks, regardless of their nonsense. And sometimes, in building those train tracks, you’ll refute the nonsense anyway. It’s a matter of just sticking to your job, and not fretting about other people’s.

I’m getting better at this, but have a long way to go. I still cut in too often, and respond to readily, and the other night, cranky from tiredness and a lack of tea, I was pretty snide with someone when I started off; and, of course, predictably, when I cut in this way I change nobody’s mind. Better to listen, and to write my blogs, and to build my train tracks.

The Irish Times isn’t the only paper that doesn’t refuse ink

Sometimes, though, it’s hard. Last night, for instance, I saw an article by the Irish columnist Colette Browne that left me rolling my eyes back so far I almost sprained them. A litany of ill-informed clichés entitled ‘It’ll be a miracle if a new pope ushers in real change in a decaying Church,’ I sent links to a couple of friends, asking what they thought.

‘I’d love to know how many errors, misconceptions, and falsehoods you could count in Colette Browne’s piece today,’ I said to one.

‘I ran out of fingers,’ he replied a few minutes later. And he trained as an actuary.

The headline’s the first problem, of course, as the Church is far from decaying: numbers of Catholics of all sorts are growing globally, with numbers of priests and seminarians keeping pace. It’s only here, in the western bit of the Northern Hemisphere, among people who Jonathan Haidt calls WEIRD, that the Church is in decline. Still, Colette can hardly be blamed for the headline, although she does point to it when she talks of the “increasing marginalisation of religion in society” and speaks of the Church as “decaying institution”.

It’s true to say that religion is being increasingly marginalised here in the west, but it’s profoundly untrue to suggest that it’s being marginalised globally; that distinction really matters, unless by ‘society’ what Colette means is ‘the bit of the world that I think counts’.

Still, Colette raises an important when she describes as incomprehensible the behaviour of “à la carte Catholics determined to remain part of an organisation with core teachings many find offensive or, frankly, ridiculous.” She’s not alone in that view, though I think she misses how it’s long been a staple of sociology and anthropology that religion is less about what we believe that what we do, who we are, and how we see ourselves in our society. We rarely reject our families, for instance, even when we disagree with our parents. And often, as we grow up, we realise how often our parents were right.

It shouldn’t really be that surprising that the sceptical, the disaffected, and the apathetic nonetheless believe themselves to be, in some sense, Catholic, and will tell people they are such. Doubt and difficulty are a normal aspect of faith, in any case; the then Father Joseph Ratzinger said something rather memorable to that effect in his 1968 Introduction to Christianity, and Timothy Radcliffe had it spot on in last year’s Take the Plunge, writing:

“Christianity will flourish in the twenty-first century if we grasp that the Church is above all the community of the baptized... the baptized are members of the Church, even if they keep far away. Even if we are filled with doubts and hesitations, we share dimly in the faith of the Church so long as we do not explicitly reject it. The doubters, the questioners, even the lapsed, belong in the spacious household of faith.”

Trope Central

Onward Colette blunders, brandishing the then Cardinal Ratzinger’s 1986 letter On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons as evidence of the Church’s deep antipathy towards gay people, but without showing a shred of understanding of who the document was for – something utterly necessary even for beginning to understand it. Michael Merrick, a blogger rather more thoughtful than most, nailed the media’s perverse and clueless fascination with this letter in a post he wrote the other day:

“The comment of the Pope on an ‘intrinsic moral evil’ comes from a single letter, written in 1986, immediately after re-affirming that the inclination is not a sin. To be properly understood the terms used, ‘evil’ and ‘disorder’, must be grasped in their theological context, not accessed simply through colloquial understandings of those terms – as anybody who has ever tried to teach the privatio boni argument to children will understand.”

The letter, as Michael points out, was written for bishops in the language of bishops and presumed the advanced theological knowledge – and indeed the teleological worldview – that ought to be typical of the Church’s local leadership. Their job – and I'm not saying they did it well – would have been to apply and explain that letter in everyday pastoral language. It’s at best foolish and at worst downright disingenuous to quote from it as though its meaning is clear in an everyday context.

And, of course, not a word is said about how gay people must be accepted with “respect, compassion, and sensitivity”, just as must everyone else: we are all made in God’s image, after all, and called towards union with him. No, instead we get another quote out of context and then this bizarre pseudo-paraphrase, which Colette casts as a choice between abstinence and damnation: “In short, you can spend your life as a self-hating homosexual, tormented with the knowledge that God instilled in you such disgusting urges as a sort of bizarre penance, or you can simply ignore all of that guff and get on with your life.”

This is merely how Colette reads Church teaching; it bears no resemblance to what the Church teaches, not least because the Church does not teach that God installs homosexual passions in people. He may well play a part in this – most sensible people think sexuality is due to a combination of nature and nurture – but we just don’t know, and the Catechism is clear that “its psychological genesis remains largely unexplained”.

So we can forget the notion that same-sex attraction is installed in gay people as a “bizarre penance”, so, and about the Church wanting gay people to be “self-hating homosexuals”. Rot. If the Church says that gay people – like everyone else – are called to chastity, it does so not as an imposition, but as an invitation to choose for themselves how they want to live, and to what ends. Suffice to say that the motivation for this – at least nowadays, in the modern Church – s not fear or hatred or self-loathing; it’s love, hope, and faith, and the acceptance of such an invitation is made in a spirit of profound freedom. You won't find many adults nowadays who are forced to say they're Catholic. People don't have to believe unless they want to.

A Battery of Balderdash

“The stark choice between abstinence and damnation is something of a recurring theme when it comes to much Church teaching,” Colette says, except it’s not, and is only ever believed to be by people who don’t understand what the Church teaches about salvation and damnation.

“Couples wishing to plan their families were told to roll the dice and rely on the rhythm method,” she says, talking about Humanae Vitae, except they’re told nothing of the sort.

The only softening on the Church’s line on contraception, Colette claims, was “an admission by Pope Benedict, two years ago, that the use of contraceptives was acceptable ‘in certain cases’, for example by gay prostitutes to reduce the risk of HIV.”

And this, as you’ll have guessed, wasn’t true either, as all he’d said – in a personal capacity – was that it was conceivable that there could be circumstances where the use of condoms might represent a step in the right direction for somebody. He never said they would be acceptable, or anything of the sort; just a possible indication of a moral awakening. It was never the big deal people made it out to be.

The statement that “it goes without saying that those unmarried people living in sin — with contraceptives or without — are hopeless cases whose eternal reward will likely be a fiery affair,” is yet another of those tropes typical among us generations of Irish Catholics who were deprived a proper religious education in our teenage years; when I was younger and thicker I too assumed this was the Church’s line. The reality is rather more nuanced, as you’d expect from a Church where a cardinal could not long ago have drily observed that we’re obliged to believe that Hell exists; we’re not obliged to believe there’s anybody there. All else aside, it takes real effort to sin mortally.

“The Church is happy to see women barefoot and pregnant” Colette goes on, which is an odd statement to make of an organisation that runs more than 135,000 schools around the world, thus almost certainly empowering more women than any organisation has ever done in history. They’re nearly all free, and they cater to the poorest of the poor all across the world.

People on the ground in places like Africa and south-east Asia will testify to how the Church is transforming women’s lives for the better across the world. It’s the second-largest relief agency and the second-largest development agency in the world, and helps improve women’s lives everywhere – and does it on their terms, operating in accord with local knowledge and local culture, rather than imposing things upon them with a “Europe knows best” attitude. But maybe they don't matter.

What did Bill Hicks say about women priests?

And then we have a wonderful section on women priests where Colette declares that in the eyes of the Church, “a penis is the most important qualification when becoming a priest”, before recognising, in however cock-eyed a way, that the reason the Church believes only men can be priests is a mystery rooted in Christ and his selection of the apostles.

So far so goodish, but then she goes on to say that in 2010 the Vatican decreed the ordination of women to be a crime on a par with child abuse, except – as you’ll by now expect – it didn’t really say that at all. For a more intelligent, more informed, and flat-out fairer take on this you might look at Andrew Brown’s observation in the Guardian that, although the new 2010 norms were a PR disaster, it’s easy to see why they were published as they were:

“Obviously, if what you are trying to do is to maintain a functioning priesthood, then ritual or sacramental crimes are just as capable of destroying it as moral ones. So from that perspective it is makes perfect sense to have a list which combines the two, and I don’t think (though I may be wrong) that any official Catholic would maintain that assisting at the ordination service of a woman is morally comparable to child abuse. It’s just that both are absolutely incompatible with the Catholic priesthood.”

A bit of a backtrack then to Christ only having appointed men as apostles, in order to issue this howler: “Strangely, the fact that there were no female apostles is reason enough to debar women from ever being ordained, but the fact that the same apostles were married is not seen as convincing evidence that priests should also be allowed to marry.”

Now, you’d think to write anything on the Church with any pretense at authority you’d want to be able to distinguish between doctrine and discipline, but evidently not. Here’s the thing: priests can marry. Or, rather, priests can be married, and the Church has always recognised this: that’s why Anglican priests can become Catholic ones, even if they’re married, and why Orthodox priests, even if married, are always recognised as full priests. And I think the priests of the Catholic churches of the east are often married too. That Latin rite priests can’t marry is a mere matter of discipline – discipline with serious scriptural and traditional foundations, but discipline for all that. The Church could allow all priests to marry tomorrow.

Experts found no evidence? Of course they didn’t, Colette, of course they didn't...

And then, as though it weren’t bad enough, Colette comes out with this:

“Meanwhile, a recent discovery by a Harvard professor, who has found a scrap of 4th-century papyrus that indicates early Christians believed that Jesus was married and his wife was an apostle, could prove most inconvenient for the Church.

While the scrap of papyrus is still undergoing tests to prove its authenticity, a number of preliminary examinations by experts have found no evidence of any forgery — a minor detail that has not stopped the Vatican from claiming that it is a dud in order to avoid any awkward questions.”

Now, as a certain former newspaperman used to say, “comment is free, but facts are sacred”. It really wouldn’t have been hard for Colette to have checked this. The so-called Gospel of Jesus' Wife was one of those Dan Brown moments, where a Harvard scholar got excited by a papyrus of unknown provenance and arranged for her findings to be published in the January issue of the Harvard Theological Review, before the publication was shelved to allow for further study.

Several academics had taken issue with it – and the dubious manner of its being publicised – but the crucial factor in its shelved seems to have been its demolition by Durham’s Frances Watson, who showed that the so-called Gospel was stitched together from phrases in the extant Gospel of Thomas, with one word in particular showing a distinctive tell-tale line break. How on earth could Colette have missed this dismantling of the inconvenient text? It’s not as if it wasn’t reported in the mainstream media, after all.

And then, nicely, Colette wraps up by talking about the inexorable decline of the Church in the west; when it comes to admitting that that’s all you’ve been interested in, better late than never, I suppose.

Thing is, I could do this sort of thing dozens of times a day. Does it do any good? I doubt it. Better just to stick to find out the facts, be honest, and trust that the truth will out eventually.

Time to start building more train tracks.

On the Renunciation of the Petrine Ministry

This is a good, even a heroic decision by Pope Benedict. It is also one that makes perfect sense in hindsight, when we think of his visits to the tomb and relics of Pope St Celestine V, the thirteenth-century pope who abdicated, and Benedict's observation in 2010's Light of the World that, "if a pope clearly realises that he is no longer physically, psychologically and spiritually capable of handling the duties of an office, then he has a right, and under some circumstances, also an obligation to resign."

Although I'll be disappointed that we'll be deprived of Benedict's wisdom, I cannot but admire how he has been willing to break with centuries of practice in the face of reality: he is frail and the Church is a big ship that needs a healthy captain. In doing this, he has freed his successors from the need to shackle themselves to the mast, no matter how feeble they might be.

John Paul's determination to lead the Church right through his agony and to his death gave a powerful witness to the value of our lives and the missions we are given, but it can hardly be denied that in his final years the Church was somewhat rudderless. Benedict, I think, feels we do not need to relearn that lesson every decade or two, and recognises that modern medicine can keep him alive beyond a time when he can effectively lead.

His decision strikes me as a deeply humble one, too; always determined to be a teacher and an academic, he had leadership thrust upon him, and now he intends to leave the limelight altogether. I am fairly sure that once he enters Castel Gondolfo, and then a monastery in the Vatican, we'll hardly ever hear of him again. Unlike King Lear, or Mrs Thatcher, he won't hang around to undermine his successor. From being one of the most visible people in the world, he shall become one of the most invisible.

He leaves behind him a Church in far better shape than he found it, and in the fullness of time I'm certain his attempts to renew the liturgy and the episcopacy will be recognised, as will his strenuous efforts -- still unrecognised by so many -- to cleanse the Church after the abuse crises. A lot remains to be done on that, obviously, but Benedict’s work deserves credit.

His teaching, too, will I think be seen as a true gift to the world. For all his skill and erudition as a theologian, his writing has displayed a remarkably common touch; his Jesus of Nazareth trilogy is as notable for its clarity as its profundity and its engagement with current academic work, and his weekly audiences drew crowds far larger than those that attended the audiences of his perhaps more obviously charismatic predecessor.

He was tireless in his insistence that faith and reason worked in harmony, each depending upon the other, and on our need, as Catholics, to engage with the world in an honest and open way -- it's worth looking at his engagements with the Muslim world in the aftermath of the oft-misunderstood Regensburg lecture, and at his creation of the "Courtyard of the Gentiles" to engage with atheists and agnostics.

The media tended to get him wrong, I'm afraid, as indeed did many Catholics: Benedict is a thinker who needs to be engaged with, and for too many the instinctive response was automatic nodding or kneejerk rejection; he needed to be listened to carefully and to be pondered.

One of the most striking features about him was how he learned, and continued to learn, throughout his career whether as a young priest, a university professor, a bishop, or as Pope; a former doctoral student of his told me some months ago about how Benedict genuinely listens in a serious and profound way, and how he has always been notable for this.

That he seems to have been the member of the Curia who realised most quickly and took most seriously the abuse crisis is a prime example of this, such that it was no accident that in 2001 the whole area became his responsibility as head of the CDF -- before that he was theoretically responsible for overseeing how some cases were handled, but as Ireland's Dublin and Cloyne reports demonstrate, local bishops tended to be shy about telling Rome what was going on on the ground.* During his papacy we can think of how he's learned more and more about the need to engage with mainstream media and most recently social media online. He was correct when he described the internet as being less a tool that people use than an environment in which they live.

I think much will come from his encyclicals too, with Veritate in Caritas bound in time to be recognised as a profoundly important critique of modern capitalism. I think we can all agree that capitalism as we have it isn't quite working, and there aren't many coherent alternatives out there: Catholic Social Teaching may well point us in the right direction.

On possible successors, I'm always reluctant to speculate, given how Benedict himself was widely written-off entering into the last conclave; he had a lot of media attention through being one of the few cardinals known to the global press, but experienced Vatican-watchers felt that support for him in conclave was likely to stall at roughly half the number of votes he'd have needed to become Pope, and then fragment. With hindsight, of course, it all looks rather different.

That said, Irish bookmakers are offering odds on frontrunners, so I will say that while I like the look of Peter Turkson, Angelo Scola, and Christoph Schönborn, for me I really think Canada's Marc Ouellet is the one to watch.

Head of the Congregation for Bishops, he'll be the man best equipped to pick the Church's new leadership around the world, and is definitely in a Ratzingerian mould in terms of his views on culture, relativism, and the Church in Europe.

He really came onto my radar last year when he was the Pope's representative at the International Eucharistic Congress in Dublin, moving people with his homilies and his presence at the Congress's opening and closing masses. There were no shortage of journalists and observers there at the time who thought that not merely was he there to represent the Pope, but that he could make a fine pope himself. It's hardly insignificant that he's disavowed any interest in being Pope himself, saying that he'd regard it as a nightmare appointment: the fact that he doesn't want the job may make him all the more attractive as a candidate. All the more papabile, if you like.

--- Originally posted at The Huffington Post, 12 February 2013.



___________________________________________________________________
* As David Quinn tried to point out to Diarmaid Ferriter on Prime Time last night, of the 46 cases Judge Murphy detailed of alleged abuse in the archdiocese of Dublin, not even one was sent to Rome as a disciplinary measure, whereas in connection with her second report, considering how complaints about 18 priests -- and one bishop -- were dealt with by the diocese of Cloyne, none were sent to Rome prior to 2005. What evidence there is refutes claims that Rome knew what was going on in the ground. It really didn't.

Pope Benedict Will Become the Invisible Man

This is a good, even a heroic decision by Pope Benedict. It is also one that makes perfect sense in hindsight, when we think of his visits to the tomb and relics of Pope St Celestine V, the pope who abdicated in the 13th century and his observation, in 2010's Light of the World, that "if a pope clearly realizes that he is no longer physically, psychologically and spiritually capable of handling the duties of an office, then he has a right, and under some circumstances, also an obligation to resign."

Although I'll be disappointed that we'll be deprived of Benedict's wisdom, I cannot but admire how he has been willing to break with centuries of practice in the face of reality: he is frail and the Church is a big ship that needs a healthy captain. In doing this, he has freed his successors from the need to shackle themselves to the mast, no matter how feeble they might be.

John Paul's determination to lead the Church right through his agony and to his death gave a powerful witness to the value of our lives and the missions we are given, but it can hardly be denied that in his final years the Church was somewhat rudderless. Benedict, I think, feels we do not need to relearn that lesson every decade or two, and recognizes that modern medicine can keep him alive beyond a time when he can effectively lead.

His decision strikes me as a deeply humble one, too; always determined to be a teacher and an academic, he had leadership thrust upon him, and now he intends to leave the limelight altogether. I am fairly sure that once he enters Castel Gondolfo, and then a monastery near the Vatican, we'll hardly ever hear of him again. Unlike King Lear, or Mrs. Thatcher, he won't hang around to undermine his successor. From being one of the most visible people in the world, he shall become one of the most invisible.

He leaves behind him a Church in far better shape than he found it, and in the fullness of time I'm certain his attempts to renew the liturgy and the episcopacy will be recognized, as will his strenuous efforts -- still unrecognized by so many -- to cleanse the Church after the abuse crises. A lot remains to be done on that, obviously, but Benedict's work deserves credit.

His teaching, too, will I think be seen as a true gift to the world. For all his skill and erudition as a theologian, his writing has displayed a remarkably common touch; his Jesus of Nazareth trilogy is as notable for its clarity as its profundity and its engagement with current academic work, and his weekly audiences drew crowds far larger than those that attended the audiences of his perhaps more obviously charismatic predecessor.

He was tireless in his insistence that faith and reason worked in harmony, each depending upon the other, and on our need, as Catholics, to engage with the world in an honest and open way -- it's worth looking at his engagements with the Muslim world in the aftermath of the oft-misunderstood Regensburg speech, and at his creation of the "Courtyard of the Gentiles" to engage with atheists and agnostics.

The media tended to get him wrong, I'm afraid, as indeed did many Catholics: Benedict is a thinker who needs to be engaged with, and for too many the instinctive response was nodding or kneejerk rejection; he needed to be listened to carefully and to be pondered.

One of the most striking features about him was how he learned, and continued to learn, throughout his career whether as a young priest, a university professor, or as Pope; a former PhD student of his told me some months ago about how Benedict genuinely listens in a serious and profound way, and how he has always been notable for this.

That he seems to have been the member of the Curia who took most seriously the abuse crisis is an example of this, such that it was no accident that the whole area became his responsibility as head of the CDF, but during his papacy we can think of how he's learned more and more about the need to engage with mainstream media and most recently social media online. He was correct when he described the internet as being less a tool that people use than an environment in which they live.

I think much will come from his encyclicals too, with Caritas in Veritate bound in time to be recognized as a profoundly important critique of modern capitalism. I think we can all agree that capitalism as we have it isn't quite working, and there aren't many coherent alternatives out there: Catholic Social Teaching may well point us in the right direction.

On possible successors, I'm always reluctant to speculate, given how Benedict himself was widely regarded as an over-the-hill outsider entering into the last conclave; with hindsight, of course, it all looks rather different. That said, Irish bookmakers are offering odds on frontrunners, so I will say that while I like the look of Peter Turkson, Angelo Scola, and Christoph Schönborn, for me I really think Canada's Marc Ouellet is the one to watch.

Head of the Congregation for Bishops, he'll be the man best equipped to pick the Church's new leadership around the world, and is definitely in a Ratzingerian mould in terms of his views on culture, relativism, and the Church in Europe.

(Originally published at The Huffington Post)